ABSTRACT
Background: The new novel Coronavirus 2019 (nCOV-19 or COVID-19) has caused an unprecedented pandemic in humans. All nations have heightened their surveillances after the quick diagnosis of potential cases of the COVID-19. Objective(s): Recent statistics have mentioned that virus outbreak in tropical countries is relatively low compared to cold nations. To support this conclusion, we considered the six main tropical regions to investigate the pandemic distribution at the initial phase. Method(s): Chi-square test was applied to understand the correlation between outbreak and temperature changes. Significant probability P-value was set to P<0.01. P-values were calculated to both positive and death cases. Result(s): Out of 1211562 infected cases, 41776 cases (3.45%) were registered at hightemperature countries (P<0.0001) and 1161786 cases (96.55%) at other countries like European countries or the USA. Moreover, only 1433 mortality cases (2.2%) happened, and the remaining 97.8% of mortality happened among other nations. Conclusion(s): Similar to other respiratory viruses like flu and influenza, there is a low outbreak of COVID-19 in tropical nations compared to the other countries. Apart from weather conditions, it is also recommended to follow the serious preventive measures imposed by governments to survive this novel epidemic.Copyright © 2020
ABSTRACT
Objective: The pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus continues to have a profound effect worldwide. However, COVID-19 induced oral facial manifestations have not been fully described. We conducted a prospective study to demonstrate feasibility of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and inflammatory cytokine detection in saliva. Our primary objective was to determine whether COVID-19 PCR positive patients with xerostomia or loss of taste had altered serum or saliva cytokine levels compared to COVID-19 PCR positive patients without those oral symptoms. Our secondary objective was to determine the correlation between serum and saliva COVID-19 antibody levels. Materials and methods: For cytokine analysis, saliva and serum were obtained from 17 participants with PCR-confirmed COVID-19 infection at three sequential time points, yielding 48 saliva samples and 19 paired saliva-serum samples from 14 of the 17 patients. For COVID-19 antibody analyses, an additional 27 paired saliva-serum samples from 22 patients were purchased. Results: The saliva antibody assay had 88.64% sensitivity [95% Confidence Interval (CI) 75.44%, 96.21%] to detect SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies compared to serum antibody. Among the inflammatory cytokines assessed - IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-1ß, IL-8, IL-13, IL-2, IL-5, IL-7 and IL-17A, xerostomia correlated with lower levels of saliva IL-2 and TNF-α, and elevated levels of serum IL-12p70 and IL-10 (p < 0.05). Loss of taste was observed in patients with elevated serum IL-8 (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Further studies are needed to construct a robust saliva-based COVID-19 assay to assess antibody and inflammatory cytokine response, which has potential utility as a non-invasive monitoring modality during COVID-19 convalescence.
ABSTRACT
Background: The new novel Coronavirus 2019 (nCOV-19 or COVID-19) has caused an unprecedented pandemic in humans. All nations have heightened their surveillances after the quick diagnosis of potential cases of the COVID-19. Objectives: Recent statistics have mentioned that virus outbreak in tropical countries is relatively low compared to cold nations. To support this conclusion, we considered the six main tropical regions to investigate the pandemic distribution at the initial phase. Methods: Chi-square test was applied to understand the correlation between outbreak and temperature changes. Significant probability P-value was set to P<0.01. P-values were calculated to both positive and death cases. Results: Out of 1211562 infected cases, 41776 cases (3.45%) were registered at hightemperature countries (P<0.0001) and 1161786 cases (96.55%) at other countries like European countries or the USA. Moreover, only 1433 mortality cases (2.2%) happened, and the remaining 97.8% of mortality happened among other nations. Conclusion: Similar to other respiratory viruses like flu and influenza, there is a low outbreak of COVID-19 in tropical nations compared to the other countries. Apart from weather conditions, it is also recommended to follow the serious preventive measures imposed by governments to survive this novel epidemic.
ABSTRACT
After the identification of SARS-CoV-2 virus in China, it has spread worldwide at a rapid pace. To control novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), there is no particular treatments/immunizations are available yet. However, to avoid the risk of immediate spreading between infected individuals, and healthcare workers, most organizations adopting virtual media devices in order asses the symptomatic behaviour of patient and these services are well known for telehealth services. On other hand, repositioning of drugs can offer a controlling strategy, and several drugs including remdesivir, lopinavir/ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), and favipiravir were repurposed. The availability of an authenticated vaccine against COVID19 will be hard to produce in the coming days, therefore it is important to propose a pharmacological strategy to combat this disease. In this chapter, the authors present the investigation of controlling and preventing methods by telemedical services during a novel coronavirus outbreak. Besides, it can also report the current drug available information and future developments that need to present new strategies for developing pharmacy facilities. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
ABSTRACT
Worldwide governments have decided to temporarily closures of educational institutions in an attempt to minimize the spread of the COVID-19 Pandemic, which has forged significant challenges for the education community. The present study is from the digital education scenario during the COVID-19 lockdown to find out the factors affecting online learning. This study is exploratory from 1218 students who have been collected based on a structured questionnaire having a 5-point linear scale. Jamovl software has been used for data analysis and results demonstrate that there are three major factors like affordability, infrastructural, and training that affect online learning during the COVID-19. Besides, correlation analysis between these factors highlights the relationship among them. Linear regression has applied to know the impact of affordability and infrastructure on the training factor. Outcomes suggested that infrastructure has a negative impact but affordability has a positive impact on the training factor. In the present scenario, this study highlighted the importance of social distancing and digital education tools that should he adopted by schools and colleges.